61 Proceedings of 9th International Symposium (Full Paper), South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil. 27th – 28th November 2019, ISBN: 978-955-627-189-8 INFLUENCE OF BROKERS IN MARKETING OF ONION AND CHILLI PRODUCTS: A CASE OF THIRUNELVELY AND MARUTHANRMADAM VEGETABLE MARKETS P. Sakitha1 Correspondence: tsakitha@gmail.com ABSTRACT Vegetable are produced on a year round basis and a large number of farmers are involved in the process of production. Vegetable marketing unlike in the case of cereals, is more complex because of its special characteristics like highly perishable nature, seasonality, bulkiness etc. so it needs special care and immediate disposable. In this situation it is difficult to recognize the efficiency of marketing vegetables because both parties. Such as producers and consumers are exploited the brokers. In Jaffna vegetable marketing is generally in the hands of private sector, high marketing cost and brokers influence are the major issues in the present situation. Brokers who are involved in the process of selling different vegetables at different prices. So they got a large amount of commission. As far as in Jaffna district concern vegetable cultivators unable to realize the full income for the products, because influence of brokers in many ways for vegetable marketing activities. It is observed that a brokers functioning as a group/society. Brokers are individuals or firms who neither take title nor possession of produce, but serve as agents to negotiate sales contracts between buyers and sellers .they are two types of brokers involved in exchange vegetables buyers and sellers .such as buying brokers and selling brokers. In Jaffna district the brokers using the activity of a monopoly system they are realizing major part of income which is reasonably of the producers specially the production of onion and chilli. The study main objective identify how to brokers influence in marketing of Onion and chilli products. Hypothesis are Marketing of Cash crops (onion and chilli) brokers influence of high level, Positive relationship between brokers income and producers income for marketing of cash crops . Regression and Correlation analysis were performed in this study with the help of SPSS latest version. The result as with the correlation analysis, marketing of product there is average positive correlation level which is 0.912 between producers’ income and brokers’ income in Thirunelvely market, p value 0.000 also confirmed hypothes is accepted. And also R2 is 0.81 which means approximately 81% brokers activities influence in marketing of onion products .In chilli product marketing in Maruthanarmadam market there is average positive correlation level which is 0.946 between producers income and brokers income, p value 0.000. And also R2 is 0.81 which means approximately 81% brokers activities influence in marketing of Chilli products. Results shows Brokers influence is high level of marketing onion and Chilli product in Jaffna district. Keywords: production, marketing, manopoly, brokers, marketing cost ntq;fhak; kw;Wk; kpsfha; re;ijg;gLj;jypy; jufu;fspd; nry;thf;F - jpUney;Ntyp> kUjdhu;klk; re;ijfis ikakhff; nfhz;l rpwg;gha;T Ma;Tr; RUf;fk; kuf;fwpr; nra;ifahdJ new;nra;if Nghyy;yhky; tUlk; KOtJk; Row;rp Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.kuf;fwptiffis re;ijg;gLj;jypy; ghupa msthd ,lu;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.mjw;F fhuzk; kuf;fwp tiffs; gUtfhy uPjpahdjhfTk; tpiutpy; gOjilaf;$bajhfTk; cs;sikNa MFk;. Vuhskhd tptrhapfs; kuf;fwpr; nra;ifapy; jdpAupikj;jd;ik cilNahuhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. kuf;fwpfis re;ijg;Lj;Jtjpy; gy;NtW tifahd jufu;fspd; nraw;ghLfis mtjhdpf;fyhk;. mitahtd xUq;fpizf;Fk; jufu;fs;>tpahghuj; jufu;fs;> cj;Njr Nehf;Fld; nraw;gLk; jufu;fs;> tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;Fk; jufu;fs; Fwpg;ghf gzg;gapu;fis(ntq;fhak;> kpsfha;) Fwpj;J jufu;fs; cau;e;j ,yhgk; ciof;Fk; jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kUjdhu;klk; kw;Wk; Rd;dhfk; re;ijfspy; ntq;fhak; kpsfha; re;ijg;gLj;jypy; jufu;fspd; nry;thf;if mwptjhf ,t; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk; mikfpd;wJ. gpw;nryT kw;Wk; ,izGf; Fzq;fs; %ykhf gFg;gha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ ,izGf; Fzq;fs; %ykhf gFg;gha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,izG Fzf Kbtpid Nehf;fpd; jpUney;Ntypr; re;ijapy; ntq;fhak; re;ijg;gLj;jypy;> cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; tUkhdj;Jf;Fk; jufu;fs; ngWk; tpiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,izG 0.912 MFk; P- Value 0.000 Mf cs;s jd;ikahdJ cw;gj;jpahsu; tUkhdj;jpw;Fk; jufu;fspd; tUkhdj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa Neu;j; njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vd;w fUJNfhis ep&gpg;gjhf cs;sJ NkYk; R2 MdJ 0.81 Mf cs;sikahdJ jufu;fs; ntq;fhak; re;ijg;gLj;jypy; cau;e;j msTf;F jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w jd;ikia fhzKbfpd;wJ. kUjdhu;klk; re;ijapy; gr;irkpsfha; re;ijg;gLj;jypy;> cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; tUkhdj;Jf;Fk; jufu;fs; ngWk; tpiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,izG 0.946 MFk;. 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Ma;tpd; mwpKfk; xU ehl;bd; epytsj;jpd; epiwthd gad;ghlhdJ tptrhaj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rpapNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. czT cw;gj;jp> cztpy; jd;dpiwT vd;gd ve;j ehl;bw;Fk; mtrpakhditahFk;. gl;bdp> Cl;lf;FiwT mit njhlu;ghd Neha;fs;> tWik vd;gtw;iw mfw;Wtjpy; czT cw;gj;jpj;Jiwia cs;slf;fpa tptrhaj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cilajhFk;. gytPdkhd tptrhaj;Jiw rhu;e;j fl;likg;ig cila ehLfs; mjpfk; tWikepiyf;F cl;gLtNjhL> czT ,wf;Fkjp eltbf;iff;F mjpfsthd nrythzpia nrytpl Ntz;ba epu;ge;jKk; cz;L. fpuhkpaj;Jiw tsu;r;rpnad;gJ tptrhaj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rpapYk;> tpUj;jpap;YNk ngupJk; jq;fpAs;sJ. fpuhkpa efu rkepiyiaAk; gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jpapy; rkepiyiaAk; cUthf;Ftjpy; tptrhaj;JiwapdJ tsu;r;rpahdJ rpwg;ghd gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wJ. mj;NjhL tptrhaj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp ,wf;Fkjpfis Fiwg;gjw;Fk; mjd; %yk; tu;j;jf epYitia rPuhf;Ftjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ. czTj;jhdpak;> gjg;gLj;jpa ghy;kh> ,iwr;rp> kPd; Nghd;w nghUl;fspd; 63 Proceedings of 9th International Symposium (Full Paper), South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil. 27th – 28th November 2019, ISBN: 978-955-627-189-8 ,wf;Fkjpia Fiwg;gjpy; tptrhaj;Jiw Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ. ehlshtpa uPjpapy; fkeyk; rhu; ifj;njhopy;fs; (Agro – Basic Industries) tsu;r;rp miltjw;F kpfTk; mbg;gilahd tptrha %yg;nghUl;fis epuk;gy; nra;Ak; Mw;wYilaJ tptrhaj;JiwNa MFk;. ,yq;if xU tptrha ehlhFk;. new;gapu;r; nra;ifahdJ gpujhdkhfTk;> cg czTg;gapu;r;nra;ifahdJ Jiz tptrha eltbf;ifahfTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. new;nra;iff;F mLj;j epiyapYs;sJ kuf;fwpr;nra;ifahFk;. new;nra;ifahdJ Fwpg;gpl;l gUtfhy uPjpahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhFk;. Mdhy; kuf;fwpr;nra;ifahdJ tUlk; KOtJk; Row;rp mbg;gilapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;w jd;ikapdhy; Vuhskhd tptrhapfs; kuf;fwpr;nra;ifapy; mNjNghy tpiutpy; ePu; tbe;J nry;Yk; jd;ikAilajhfTk;. cs;sikahdJ kuf;fwpr; nra;iff;F rhjfkhf cs;sJ. aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpd; nkhj;j tptrhaj; njhopyhsu;fspy; Vwf;Fiwa 50% MNdhu; kuf;fwpr; nra;if rhu;e;j eltbf;ifapy; kpsfha; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffSk; Kf;fpakhdjhfTs;sJ.,yq;ifapy; ntq;fha cw;gj;jpapy; Vw;gLk; tPjhrhu mjpfupg;Gf;F aho; khtl;l ntq;fha cw;gj;jp rhu;e;j eltbf;iffs; mjpf gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ.,t;thW $Ljyhf ,r;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jd;ikahdJ cau;;e;jstpyhd jufu;fspd; nraw;ghl;Lf;Fk; re;ijg;gLj;jypy; topNfhYfpd;wJ. kuf;fwpr; nra;ifahsu;fs; kuf;fwpfspd; cw;gj;jp eltbf;ifapd; NghJ Vw;gLk; ,og;Gf;fis ,ad;wsT Nghuhb cw;gj;jpfis re;ijg;gLj;j tUk; NghJ re;ijg;gLj;jy; rhu;e;j epiyikfs; ghjfkhf miktJz;L. mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf re;ijg;gLjypy; jufu;fspd; nry;thf;F vd;gJ cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; jug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd gpur;ridahFk.; nghJthf re;ijf;Fs; cs;s jufu;fs; cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; nfhz;L tUfpd;w nghUl;fSf;F Fwpj;j msTfspy; vLj;J itj;j gpd;dNu kpFjpahdtw;Wf;F vilNghl;L tpiyNgrpf; nfhLf;Fk; jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. re;ijapy; cw;gj;jpf;F Fj;jifg; gzj;ijAk; cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; nrYj;j Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; ngUksT gzj;ij ,of;f Ntz;batu;fshf cs;sdu;. jufu;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; gzg;gapu;fspd; re;ijg;gLj;jypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;JNthuhf cs;sdu;. cw;gj;jpahsuplk; ,Ue;J tpisnghUl;fis ngw;W mJ Efu;Nthiu nrd;wilak; tiu gy;NtW topfspYk; jufu;fs; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;. jufu;fisg; nghWj;J ,tu;fs; cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; cw;gj;jpj;jyk; tiu nrd;W tpis nghUl;fis Nrfupg;Nghuhf cs;sdu;. cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; jkJ nghUl;fSf;F ngWfpd;w tpiyf;Fk;> Efu;Nthu; nrYj;Jfpd;w tpiyf;Fk; ,ilNaahd tpiy NtWghl;Lf;F jufu;fNs fhuzkhfTs;sdu;. jufu;fs; cau;e;jsthd ‘jhFg;gzk;” (Commission) ciog;gjid Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L cau; tpiyapid ntq;fhak;> kpsfha; vd;gtw;Wf;F epu;zapg;Nghuhf cs;sdu;. cw;gj;jpahsUk;> tpw;gidahsu;fSk; ciof;f Kbahj ,yhgj;ij jufu;fs; jkJ jhFg;gzj;jpd; thapyhf cioj;Jr; nry;Nthuhf cs;sdu;. ,tu;fspd; eltbf;ifahdJ re;ijg;gLj;jypd; NghJ cw;gj;jpahsu;fsplk; tUkhd 64 Proceedings of 9th International Symposium (Full Paper), South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil. 27th – 28th November 2019, ISBN: 978-955-627-189-8 ,og;ig Vw;gLj;JtNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ> Efu;Nthu; rhu;e;j eyidAk; ghjpg;ghfNt cs;sJ. ntq;fhak;> kpsaha; Nghd;w re;ijg;gLj;jypd; Nghjhd jufu;fspd; njhopw;ghLfshf cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; cw;gj;jp jyk; tiu nghUl;fis Nrfupj;jy;> tpiy njhlu;ghd jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;> cw;gj;jpahsuplKk;> tpw;gidahsuplKk; juFg;gzk; cioj;jy;> re;ij nraw;ghLfis jkf;F rhjfkhf khw;wp ,yhgk; cioj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. aho; Flhehl;bidg; nghWj;J jufu;fs; kuf;fwptiffSf;F epu;zapf;Fk; tpiyfs; cw;gj;jpr; nrytpYk; ghu;f;f FiwthdjhfNt fhzg;gLtNjhL gzg;gapu;fis Fwpj;J jufu;fs; jkJ nraw;ghLfis njhlu;e;Jk; tpupthf;fpf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; epiyNa cz;L. (Rasathurai – 2001) aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;ij nghWj;J jufu;fs; xU r%fkhf ,aq;Fk; epiyAz;L. cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; kuf;fwpfis thfdq;fspy; nfhz;L tUk;NghJ re;ij mike;Js;s tPjpfspy; epd;W nfhz;bUf;fpd;w jufu;fs; cw;gj;jpfis njhl;lgb te;jhy; njhl;ltUf;Nf nghUs; nrhe;jkhdJ. NtnwhUtUk; mjid tpiy NgrKbahJ Nghd;w epiyikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.me;j tifapdpy; aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpy; mjpfsthd tptrha cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; gq;F nfhs;Sk; re;ijfshf cs;s kUjdhu;klk;> jpUney;Ntyp Nghd;w re;ijfspy; 2016 [dtupapy; ,Ue;J 2018 [dtup tiu ntq;fhak;> gr;ir kpsfha; Nghd;w gzg;gapu;fspd; epWj;jypd; Nghjhdtpiy/ cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; ngWk; tpiy ,tpw;gid tpiy njhlu;ghd juTfs; ngw;wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L> jufu;fs; gzg;gapu;fspy; ngWk; tUkhdk; fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. 1.1 Vw;fdNt nra;ag;gl;l Ma;Tfs; njhlu;ghd Nkw;ghu;it 1 kuf;fwpfspd; Vw;Wkjp eltbf;ifapy; jufu;fs; njhlu;ghd Ma;T Nyamcheun vd;gtuhy; 2004 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpy; jha;yhe;J njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpy; tptrha cw;gj;jpfspd; kpfg;ngupa Nfe;jpu epiyakhf cs;s ehlhFk;. ,q;Fs;s “Chiang Mai” (rpahq; kha;) vd;w gFjpahdJ kpfg;ngupastpy; ntq;fhar; nra;ififAk;> mjw;F mLj;j epiyapy; kpsfhAk; nra;if gz;zg;gLfpd;w gFjpahFk;. ,t;thwhf cw;gj;jpahf;fg;gLfpd;w ntq;fhak; kw;Wk; kpsfha; Nghd;w ,t; ,U gzg;gapu;fisAk; “ghq;nfhf;fpy;” cs;s kpfg;ngupa 03 nkhj;j tpw;gidr; re;ijf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;Nthuhf jufu;fs; cs;sdu;. ,tu;fs; “ehl;Lf;fhd jufu;fs;” (Country Brokers) vd;w ngaupy; miof;fg;gLtJk; cz;L. ntq;fhak;> kpsfha;> vd;gtw;wpw;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfkhf cs;s .,lq;fis mwpe;J> mr; re;ijfSf;F xg;ge;j mbg;gilapy; Vw;Wkjp eltbf;ifapy; ehl;Lf;F ntspNaAk; vd;w tifapy; mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Vw;Wkjp eltbf;ifapy; tpidj;jpwikapid Ngzpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf jufu;fs; gy;NtW %Nyhghaq;fis gpd;gw;WNtuhfTk; cs;sdu; vd;w KbT ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. Eranesto Brown vd;gtuhy; 2015 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpy; gpypg;igd;]; ehlhdJ muprp cw;gj;jpapy; Kd;dzp tfpf;fpd;w Xu; ehlhFk;. ,q;Fs;s “Nuwa Eashiya” vd;w ,lkhdJ mjpfstpy; muprp cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gpuNjrkhFk;. ,q;Fs;s jufu;fs; muprp cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; cw;gj;jpfisg; ngw;W mjid “kzpyhtpy;” cs;s rpy;yiw tpahghupfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;Nthuhf cs;sdu;. gpujhd ,lj;ij tfpg;NghuhfTk; cs;sdu;. ,t;tifahd jufu;fspd; nraw;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; Gjpa cj;jpfis ifahsNtz;ba epu;g;ge;jj;Jf;Fk,; jkJ cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fshd 65 Proceedings of 9th International Symposium (Full Paper), South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil. 27th – 28th November 2019, ISBN: 978-955-627-189-8 tptrhag; nghUl;fspd; juj;ij $l;l Ntz;ba epu;g;ge;jj;Jf;Fk; cs;shfpd;wdu; vd;w KbT ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. Hayami vd;gtuhy; 1999 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpy; nfd;ahtpd; “k[hnyq;fh” vd;w khtl;lj;ij nghWj;J ,q;F 70% Md msTf;F fpuhkkl;lr; Nrfupf;Fk; jufu;fs,; kw;Wk; 10% mstpy; Nrfupf;Fk; jufu;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; kuf;fwpfis nkhj;j tpahghu epiyaq;fSf;F mDg;GNthuhf cs;sdu; vd;Wk;> ,tu;fs; tpiyfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryT> Vida tu;;j;jfr; nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa re;ijg;gLj;jy; njhopw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Nthuhf cs;sdu;;>kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gwk; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfSf;F $Ljyhd tUkhdk; ngWNthuhfTk; cs;sdu; vd;w KbT ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2. jufu;fspd; jdpAupikj; jd;ik njhlu;ghd Ma;Tfs; Abdulah kw;Wk; Mohamad MfpNahuhy; 2013 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpy;gq;fshNj~; nghUshjhuj;jpy; 17.3% Md mstpy;;nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpf;F gq;fspg;gpid toq;Fk; tptrhaj;JiwahdJ ghupa mstpyhd gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;fpa tz;zk; cs;sJ. mjpy; jufu;fspd; jdpAupikj;jd;ik vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;. jufu;fs; ghupa mstpyhd ed;ikfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;Nthuhf cs;sdu;. mtu;fs; ,aw;ifay;yhj nraw;ifahd Kiwapy; gw;whf;Fiwia Vw;gLj;JNthuhf cs;sdu;. gq;fshNjrpYs;s “Shitakundo” (rpl;lFd;Nlh) kw;Wk; “Nimsar” (epk;rhu;) Mfpa ,U fpuhkq;fisAk; nghWj;J jufu;fspd; Mjpf;fNk $bastpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; ,U fpukkq;fspYk; cw;gj;jpahsu;fis Nehf;fpd; ,tu;fs; jkJ nghUl;fis jufu;fSf;Nf tpw;gid nra;aNtz;ba epu;g;ge;jepiyapy; cs;sdu;.(rpl;lFz;lh:- jufu;fs;:- 88%> NtW:- 12%) (epk;rhu;:- jufu;fs;:- 92%> NtW:- 8%) ,it jufu;fspd; jdpAupikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,U fpuhkq;fisAk; nghWj;J cw;gj;jpahsu;fsplk; Nghf;Ftuj;J> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; trjpfs; ,y;yhj jd;ikahdJ> jufu;fsplk; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba epiyia cUthfpd;wJ. cw;gj;jpahsu; $l;LwT rhu;e;j epWtdq;fis cUthf;fp> tptrhag; nghUl;fspd; tpepNahfr; rq;fpyp mikg;gpy; kpjkpQ;rpa mstpy; cs;s jufu;fspd; nraw;ghl;ilf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. Manoj kumarsingh vd;gtuhy; 2015 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpy; ,e;jpahtpd; kj;jpa gpuNjrj;ijg; nghWj;J jufu;fspd; Mjpf;fkhdJ kuf;fwpfs; rhu;e;j eltbf;ifapy; Vida gFjpfNshL xg;gpLk; NghJ cau;thfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wNjhL, kl;Lky;yhJ ,tu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ,yhgk; ehSf;Fehs; mjpfupj;Jf;nfhz;L nry;fpd;w jd;ikAk; cz;L. re;ij vy;iyapy; ngUkstpy; jufu;fNs ngWfpd;wdu;. jf;fhsp> ntq;fhak;> gaw;iw> cUisf;fpoq;F Nghd;w kuf;fwpfis Fwpj;J Nehf;fpd; re;ij vy;iyapy; (MM) 215/=, 132/=, 314/=, 230/=, 220/=, 145/= vd;w tifapy; ngWfpd;wdu;. NkYk; 50-60% tiu cw;gj;jpahsu;fsplk; ,Ue;Jk; jufu;fs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd;w KbT ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gunawardena vd;gtuhy; 1980 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpy; ,yq;ifapy; kuf;fwpfSf;fhd tpiyfspy; khw;wj;ij jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpahf jufu;fs; cs;sdu;. ,J ,tu;fspd; jdpAupik/Mjpf;fj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,tu;fshy; cw;gj;jpahsUf;F Rje;jpukhd gpuNtrj;Jf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; re;ijap;y; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mtu;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ij re;ijg;gLj;jypy; ,optsthf;Ftjd; %yk;> cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;F mtu;fsJ cw;gj;jpfSf;fhd epahakhd tpiyia ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;w KbT ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ 66 Proceedings of 9th International Symposium (Full Paper), South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil. 27th – 28th November 2019, ISBN: 978-955-627-189-8 3. jufu;fshy; Vw;gLk; ,lu;fs; njhlu;ghd Ma;T Fernando kw;Wk; Nilmini MfpNahuhy; 2010 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpy; gJis khtl;lj;jpd; “ntypkl” gpuNjrj;jpidg; nghWj;J ,q;F kuf;fwpfspy; jufu;fspd; Mjpf;fk; cw;gj;jp> re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;w ,uz;L uPjpahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kuf;fwpfisg; nghWj;J ,it tpiutpy; gOjilaf; $bajhf cs;s jd;ikahdJ jufu;fspd; nry;thf;Ff;F tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjhf mikfpd;wJ. re;ijg;gLj;jy; uPjpahf cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; gy;NtWgl;l ,d;dy;fis gy;NtW topfspYk; vjpu;Nehf;fpNahuhfTk; cs;sdu;.jufu;fspd; cau;e;j nraw;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf re;ij vy;iyahdJ cau;thfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; gy jug;gl;l ,lu;fis vjpu;Nehf;Ftjdhy; ,tu;fspd; nraw;ghl;il ,optsthf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. mjhtJ vspa rpf;fyw;w re;ijg;gLj;Jk; topKiwfis> kuf;fwp cw;gj;jpahsUf;F cUthf;fpf; nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;. mj;NjhL cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; rhu;gpy; gyk; tha;e;j tptrha epGzu;fs;/mikg;Gf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ,jD}lhf Nguk; NgRk; rf;jpia kpf cau;e;j kl;lj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; kj;jpapy; nfhz;L nry;yNtz;Lk;. ,jD}lhf kuf;fwpfis re;ijg;gLj;jypy; jufu;fspd; ,lu;fis Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;w KbT ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ Sandika vd;gtuhy; 2012 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpy; ,yq;ifapYs;s kuf;fwpr;re;ijfspy; jufu;fspd; nraw;ghl;il ePz;lfhy uPjpahf Ma;T nra;fpd;wJ. xt;nthU kuf;fwpfisAk; nghWj;J> kuf;fwpfSf;F kuf;fwp jufu;fs; ngWk; gq;F NtWgl;Lf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. me;jtifapy; re;ij vy;iyapy; (MM) jufu;fspd; gq;fhdJ NghQ;rp 10%> fj;jup 10% > gPw;W}l; 8%> ful; 10%> G+rzp 8% vd;w epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy;yiw tpiy (RP), cw;gj;jptpiy (PP), vd;gd mjpfupf;f re;ij vy;iy (MM) FiwtiltjidAk;, khwhd nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ mjhtJ rpy;yiw tpiy (RP), cw;gj;jptpiy (PP) ,vd;gd Fiwtila re;ij vy;;iy cau;tiltjidAk; fhzyhk;. jufu;fNs jhk; $basT ed;ikfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L re;ij vy;iyia mjpfupg;gJk;, Fiwf;fpd;wJkhd eltbf;iffspy; cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;gpid ,zq;fhzy; H3 :- gzg;gapu;fspd; re;ijg;gLj;jy; eltbf;iffspy; cw;gj;jpahsupd; tUkhdj;jpd; xU gFjpia jufu;fs; jkf;Fupa tUkhdkhf khw;wfpd;wdu;. 1.4 vz;zf;fUr;rl;lthf;fk; rhu;khwp ntq;fhak; kpsfha; re;ijg;gLj;jy; 2. Ma;T Kiwapay; 2.1 khjpupj;njupTk; juT Nrfupg;Gk; aho;g;ghz khl;lj;jpy; gzg;gapu;fspd; re;ijg;gLj;jypy; jufu;fspd; nry;thf;F vDk; Ma;tpw;fhf> jpUney;Ntyp> kUjdhu;klk; Mfpa re;ijfspNy Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; ntq;fhak;; kpsfha; Nghd;wtw;wpd; tpiy njhlu;ghd tpguq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lNjhL tup Nrfupg;G gpuptpdupd; juTfs; thapyhf ehshe;jk; tUif jUk; cw;gj;jpahsu;fspy; Fwpj;j rjtPjj;jpdu; Ma;tpw;fhf njupT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdu;. mt;tifapy; kUjdhu;klk; re;ijapy; ,Ue;J 45% Md cw;gj;jpahsu;fSk;> jpUney;Ntypr; re;ijapy; ,Ue;J 30% Md cw;gj;jpahsUk; njupT nra;ag;gl;L tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fs; toq;fg;gl;L juTfs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.Neu;fhzy; %ykhTk; juTfs; Nrfupfg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> ,uz;lhk; epiyj;juTfSk; Ma;tpw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. aho; khtl;l nrayf Gs;sptpgu ifNaL> gpuNjr nrayfq;fspd; tUlhe;j Mz;lwpf;iffs;> tptrhaj;jpizf;fs mwpf;iffs; Nghd;wd ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juT %yq;fshf cs;sd. 2.2 juTg; gFg;gha;T jpUney;Ntyp> kUjdhu;klk; Mfpa re;ijfspy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ntq;fhak;> gr;irkpskha; Nghd;wtw;wpd; tpiyfs; njhlu;ghd juTfs; ‘r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jf;fhd Gs;sp tpgutpgutpay; nghwp – Spss) vDk; fzzp nkd;nghjpapD}lhf msT upjpahd Kiwapy; (Quantitative) gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; ntq;fhak;> gr;irkpsfha; Nghd;wtw;wpd; nra;ifahsu;fsplk; ,Ue;J tpdhf;nfhj;J thapyhf ngw;wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l juTfSk; SPSS nkd; nghjpapD}lhf Ma;Tf;Nfw;w tifapy; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 2.2.1 jpUney;Ntyp> kUjdhu;klk; Mfpa re;ijfapy; ntq;fhak;> gr;irkpsfha; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l tpiyfspy; cw;gj;jpahsu; ngWk; tpiyf;Fk;> jufu;fs; ngWk; tpiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,izTf;Fzf gFg;gha;T rhuhkhwp jufu;fspd; nry;thf;F 68 Proceedings of 9th International Symposium (Full Paper), South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil. 27th – 28th November 2019, ISBN: 978-955-627-189-8 2.2.1.1 jpUney;Ntyp re;ijapy; rpd;d ntq;fhaj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahsu; ngWfpd;w tUkhdj;jhf;fk;> jufu;fs; ngWfpd;w tUkhdj;jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gFg;gha;T tiugpd; gb ,y; ,U khwpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa $ba Neu; ,izG mjhtJ 91% Md ,izG fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F cw;gj;jpahsu; ngWfpd;w tpiyf;Fk; ,jufu;fspd; juF tpiyf;Fk; ,ilNa cau; Neu; ,izG fhzg;gLfpd;w jd;ikahdJ jufu;fs; cw;gj;jpahsu; tUkhdj;jpy; $basTf;F jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w cWjpahd jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,t; ,U khwpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; neUq;fpa njhlu;G ,Ug;gjid mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. ,t; ,U khwpfSf;Fk; ;,ilapyhd jhf;fkhdJ 82% Mf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.,q;F cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; jkJ cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;F ngWk; tpiyahdJ 1 myfhy; mjpfupf;f> jufu;fs; ngWk; juFf;$ypahdJ 4 My; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. ,jid Y= 9.716 + 4.988 vd;w gpw; nryT rkd;ghl;bd; %yk; mwpayhk;. 2.1.1.2 kUjdhu;klk; re;ijapy; rpd;d ntq;fhaj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahsu; ngWfpd;w tUkhdj;Jf;F ,ilapyhd gFg;gha;T tiuglk; 2.1.1.2 ,t; ,U khwpfSf;fk; ,ilNa cau; Neu; ,izG mjhtJ 92% Md ,izG fhzg;gLtNjhL> jufu;fs; cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; tUkhdj;jpy; ngUksTf;F jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w jd;ikapid cau;e;j Neu; ,izG ntspf;fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ. ,t; ,U khwpfSf;Fk ;,ilapyhd jhf;fkhdJ 84% Mf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.,q;F cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; jkJ cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;F fpNyh 69 Proceedings of 9th International Symposium (Full Paper), South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil. 27th – 28th November 2019, ISBN: 978-955-627-189-8 mbg;gilapy; ngWfpd;w tpiyahdJ 1 myfhy; mjpfupf;f jufu;fs; ngWk; juTf;$ypahdJ 3 myfpy; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. ,jid Y= 8.511 + 3.125 vd;w gpw;nryT rkd;ghl;bd; %yk; mwpayhk;. 2.2.2.1 jpUney;Ntypr; re;ijapy; gr;ir kpsfhapy; cw;gj;jpahsu; ngWk; tpiyf;fk; jufu;fs; ngWk; tpiyf;Fk;> jufu;fs; ngWk; tpiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,izGf; Fzf gFg;gha;T tiuglk; 2.2.2.1 tiugpd; gb ,t; ,U khwpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa cau;e;j Neu; ,izahdJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cw;gj;jpahsu; tpiyia mjpfupf;f> jufu;fspd; juFtpiyiaAk; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;tjid mjp cau;e;j Neu; ,izghdJ 84% ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,t; ,U khwpfSf;Fk ;,ilapyhd jhf;fkhdJ 71% Mf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.,q;F cw;gj;jpahsu; jkJ cw;gj;jpg;nghUl;fSf;F fpNyh mbg;gilapy; ngWfpd;w tpiyahdJ 1 myfhy; mjpfupf;f jufu;fspd; juFf;$yp 8 myfhy; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;fpd;wJ.,jid y=7.5643+ 8.276 vd;w gpw;nryT rkd;ghl;bd; %yk; mwpayhk;. 2.2.2.2 kUjdhu;klk; re;ijapy; gr;irkpsfhapy; cw;gj;jpahsu; tpiyf;Fk;> jufu;fs; ngWk; tpiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,izGf;Fif gFg;gha;T tiuglk; 2.2.2.2 70 Proceedings of 9th International Symposium (Full Paper), South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil. 27th – 28th November 2019, ISBN: 978-955-627-189-8 ,U khwpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa cau;e;j Neu; ,izghdJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ 94% Md ,izghFk;. jufu;fs; cau;e;jsTf;F gr;irkpsfha; re;ijg;gLj;jypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;w jd;ikapid cau;e;j ,izghdJ ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,t; ,U khwpfSf;Fk ;,ilapyhd jhf;fkhdJ 89% Mf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.,q;F cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; jkJ cw;gj;jpfSf;F fpNyh mbg;gilapy; ngWk; tpiyahdJ 1 myfhy; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ jufu;fspd; juFf;$ypAk; 8 myfhy; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;tjid Y= 90.067 + 8.110 vd;w rkd;ghl;bd; %yk; mwpayhk;. 3. KbTfs; juTg; gFg;gha;tpd; mbg;gilapyhd KbTfis Nehf;Fk; NghJ> njupT nra;ag;gl;l kUjdhu;klk;> jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa ,U re;ijfspYk;> ntq;fhak; kw;Wk; gr;irkpsfha; re;ijg;gLj;jypy; jufu;fs; cau;e;jsTf;F nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjid ,izG tPjq;fs; ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. tiuglk; 3.1 ntq;fhak; re;ijg;gLj;jypd; ,izG tPjq;fs; tiugpd; ,U re;ijfspYNk ntq;fhak; Fwpj;j re;ijg;gLj;jy; jufu;fspd; nry;thf;F $basT cz;L. vd;gjid mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhfTs;sJ. mjhtJ cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; tUkhdj;jpy; jufu;fs; jkJ tUkhdkhf khw;WtjidAk; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. mjpfupj;j jufu;fspd; eltbf;ifahdJ cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; kj;jpapy; tUkhd ,og;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. tiuglk; 3.1 tiuglk; 3.2 kpsfha; re;ijg;gLj;jypd; ,izG uPjq;fs; kpsfha; re;ijg;gLj;jypYk; jufu;fs; cau;e;jsT nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjid mjp$ba Neu; ,izG ntspf;fhl;lfpwJ. kUjdhu;klk; gFjpapy; kpsfha;r; nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w jd;ikahdJ cau; ,izgpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. tiuglk; 3.2 71 Proceedings of 9th International Symposium (Full Paper), South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil. 27th – 28th November 2019, ISBN: 978-955-627-189-8 vdNt Nkw;Fwpj;j gFg;gha;tpd; Clhf jufu;fs; re;ijg;gLj;jypy; $basT nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;. kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; tUkhdj;jpy; xU gFjpia jufu;fs; jkJ tUkhdkhf khw;Wfpd;wdu,; vd;w fUJNfhSk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL, ntq;fhak; kw;wk; gr;irkpsfha; re;ijg;gLj;jypy; cw;gj;jpahsu; ngWk; tpiyf;Fk; jufu;fs; ngWk; tpiyf;Fk; ,ilNa Neu;j;njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ cw;gj;jpahsu; tpiyia mjpfupf;f jufu;fSk; jkJ juFtpiyapid (Commission) mjpfupg;gjidf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fs; Clhd gFg;gha;tpd; %yk;> ntq;fhak;> kpsfha; re;ijg;gLj;jypy; cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;ridAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;tifapdpNy re;ijg; gLj;jypy; epWtd uPjpahd xj;Jiog;G ,d;ik> cau;e;jstpyhd jufu;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; re;ijfs; uPjpahf tpiy njhlu;ghd jfty;fis ngwKbahik> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; trjp ,d;ik> ntspaPu; ntq;fhak;> kpsfha; Nghd;wd cs;Su; re;ijfspy; epuk;gy; nra;ag;gLjy; Nghd;wd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. vdNt Ma;tpd; KbTfSf;F Vw;w tifapy; gupe;Jiufis Kd;itj;jy; mtrpakhdjhFk;. 4. gupe;Jiufs; nghJthf jufu;fs; ntq;fhak;> kpsfha; cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffspd; re;ijg;gLj;jypy; cw;gj;jpahsu; kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Nehf;fpd; rupahd tpiy epu;zak; ,y;yhik. fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; trjp Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wik> epWtdk; kw;Wk; tptrhaj;jpizf;fsq;fspd; tpidj;jpwdw;w nraw;ghL> tptrhapfSf;F mWtilapd; gpd;duhd njhopy;El;g mwpT Fiwthff; fhzg;gly; Nghd;wtw;wpidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ntq;fhak;> gr;irkpsfha; cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffspy; tptrhapfs; gyk; mw;wtu;fshf rpjwpf;fhzg;gLjy;> KjyPl;Lf;fhd epjpg; gw;whf;Fiw> fl;lha tpw;gid> fhg;GWjpj;jpl;lq;fs; ,y;yhik> epWtdupjpahd xj;Jiog;Gf;fs; Nghjpastpy; fhzg;ghlhik> cs;sPLfis cupa fhyj;jpy; ngwKbahik, tpiy mjpfupg;G, njhopy; El;gg; gad;ghL FiwT Nghd;wd nra;ifahsu;fspd; jug;gpy; njuptpf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. vdNt ,tw;wpid ,optsthf;Ftjw;fhd eltbf;iffshf fPo;tUtdtw;iw Fwpg;gplkbAk;. 72 Proceedings of 9th International Symposium (Full Paper), South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil. 27th – 28th November 2019, ISBN: 978-955-627-189-8 cotu; re;ij Kiwapid cUthf;Fjy; (Farmer Market) Ntz;Lk;. ,k; Kiwikapd; fPo; jufu;fspd; eltbf;iffs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. cw;gj;jpahsu; jkJ tpisnghUl;fis jhNk tpw;gid nra;tjdhy; epiyahd tUkhdj;ijAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. NkYk; muR cj;juthj tpiyia epu;zapj;J mjd; thapyhf tpisnghUl;fis nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; NghJ mJ jufu;fspd; eltbf;iffis kl;Lg; gLj;Jtjhf mikAk;. cWjpahd re;ijf;fl;likg;gpid cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; fpuaj;ij ,optsthf;fp cw;gj;jpahsuplk; ,yhgj;ij mjpfupf;fyhk; NkYk;>  tpiy njhlu;ghd tpguq;fis cw;gj;jpahsUf;F fpilf;fr; nra;jy;  cw;gj;jp uPjpahd tptrha rk;Nksdq;fis cUthf;fy; (Eg :- ntq;fhar; rq;fk;)  fpuhk kl;lq;fspy; mike;Js;s gapu;r;nra;iff; FOf;fs; thapyhf cw;gj;jpahsplk; Nguk; NgRk; Mw;wiy mjpfupj;jy; 5. REFERENCE I.JOURNALS AND ARTICALS 1. Fagbote. T. A, Agbebi. F. O, (2012), “The Role of Middlemen in Agriculture Marketing in IgbokodaAgricuture market, ondo-state, south Western Nigeria”, International Journal of Development and Sustainability, Volume 1: No 3, pp- 880-888. 2. Fernando. N, Nilmini. S (2010), “Does simple marketing techniques Applicable to farm gate level of up. Country vegetables – A case study for welimada Area” , retrieved from http://www.kln.ac.lk/ukr/CBI%202010.pdf 3. Hanaoka. S, Das. R (2014), “Perishable food supply Chain Constraints In ‘Bangaladesh”, Research gate.net.publication, pp-1-22. 4. Kiruchi. M, Hayami. Y, Marciano. E. B (1999) “Brokers/ Middlemen and peasants in rice marketing in the Philippines”. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 20 (1999) pp-79-93. 5. Ravichandran. T (2002) “Efficiency of the Marketing system for selected vegetables in Sri Lanka”, Sri Lanka journal of Agraian studies volume – 10(01), pp-41-51. 6. Verma. A, Kumar. S (2002), “Marketing and Export of fresh Vegetables Agricultural marketing, India”, pp-18-21. 7. Vidanapathirana. R. P (2008), “Marketing Margins of the domestic Vegetable trade in Sri Lanka”, Sri Lankan journal of Agrian Studies, Volume 12: pp-36-60. II.BOOKS AND BOOK CHAPTER 1. Ernesto. O. B, Rosario. O. B. D, The role of Market Intermediaries in promoting organic rice production”, food and Agriculture Organizations publication, pp-1-15. 2. Gandhi. V. P and Namboodiri. V (2004), “Marketing of fruits and Vegetables in India”. A case study covering the Ahmedabad, Chennai and Kolkatha 73 Proceedings of 9th International Symposium (Full Paper), South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil. 27th – 28th November 2019, ISBN: 978-955-627-189-8 markets, retrieved from http://www.iimahd.emet.in/publications/data-2004- 06-09 vpgandhi.pdf 3. Ngamcheun. J, Yogen. A (2014) “The Marketing system Analysis of selected fresh vegetables passing the good agricultural practice, (GAP) system, University of Thailand publication 5. 4. Wickramosinghe. Y. M, Wijayawardana. K. H. R (2004) “Production and Marketing of Vegetables in kurunegala District”, pp-1-7. III. CONFERENCE 1. Abdullah. M. D, Mohammad. R. H, (2013) “A New cooperative Marketing Strategy for Agricultural products in Bangaladesh”, World Review of Business Research, vol 3. No: 3, July 2013 Issuse, pp-130-144. 2. Agbugba. L. k, Nwago. E. C (2006), “The performance of vegetable production and Marketing in Nigeria, proceedings of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria, presented at NRCRI Umudike, October 3rd – 6th 3. Rupasena. L. P (1999), “Production and marketing of Vegetable”, Agrarian research and Training Institute, Colombo-7. pp-1-25. 4. Silva Dias. J (2011), “World importance, marketing and trading of vegetables, IHC-IS on horticulture for Development Publication, proceeding XXVIII, pp-153-169. Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;. 01. mk;gpfhNjtp.rp (1991) “aho;g;ghz khtl;l cg czTg;gapu;fspd; cw;gj;jpAk;> re;ijg;gLj;jYk;> njupe;njLf;fg;gl;l kuf;fwp tiffs;” aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> nghUspay; KJfiykhzp. 02. re;jpupf;fh.j (2007) “aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpy; kuf;fwp cw;gj;jpAk; re;ijg;gLj;jYk; KJfiykhzpapy; mgptpUj;jpf; fw;if newp> cau; gl;lg;gbg;Gf;fs; gPlk;> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiof;fofk;. 03. Rju;kpdp.F (2007) “cLtpy; gpuNjr nrayu; gpuptpy; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapy; tptrhaj;Jiwapd; gq;F” KJfiykhzpapy; mgptpUj;jpf; fw;ifnewp> cau; gl;lg;gbg;Gf;fs; gPlk;. aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;. 04. rj;jparPyd;.nr (2007) “aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bd; ntq;fhag; gapu;r;nra;if gw;wpa nghUshjhu Nehf;F” KJfiykhzpapy; mgptpUj;jpf;fw;if newp> cau; gl;lg;gbg;Gf;fs; gPlk;> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;. 05. Ffjh];.ngh (2009) “aho;g;ghzj;jpy; tPl;Lj;Njhl;l tptrhaj;jpwd; gz;GfSk;> mgptpUj;jpj; je;jpNuhghaq;fSk;” 06. jahe;jpdp.j (2008) “jpUney;ntypr; re;ijAk; mjd; mgptpUj;jpAk;” 07. NahNf];tud;.jp (2007) “aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpd; tptrhak; rhu;e;j ifj;njhopy;fs; Xu; Nehf;F”